Need for inpatient rehabilitation and skilled nursing services in COVID-19 patients post hospitalization: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The need for rehabilitation and skilled nursing services for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors has been speculated from the beginning of the pandemic. However, real-world data describing utilization of these services post COVID-19 hospitalization and the factors associated with the same is limited. This retrospective cohort study on COVID-19 patients aims to identify the patients discharged to inpatient rehabilitation or nursing facilities post-hospitalization and the factors associated with the same. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study on COVID-19 patients during second wave of the pandemic in the state of Michigan. Primary outcome was discharge disposition. Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify the factors associated with discharge to a facility. RESULTS: A total of 559 COVID-19 patients [median age 64 years, interquartile range (IQR) 53-73 years, 48.5% males (n=271), 67.6% Blacks (n=378)] were included in the study. During hospitalization, 17.4% of the patients (n=97) died. Around 65% (n=365) patients were discharged home whereas 12.5% (n=70) were discharged to a facility for inpatient rehabilitation/nursing services. Older patients, males, those with longer hospital stay, and patients who needed new percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube, tracheostomy, initiation of hemodialysis or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), or had an acute stroke during admission were more likely to be discharged to a facility post-hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: About 12.5% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients needed discharge to a facility for inpatient rehabilitation/nursing services. Knowledge of the factors associated with discharge to a facility can optimize discharge planning, efficient resource allocation, and improve long-term COVID-19 care.

Statins and clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus: a retrospective cohort study with propensity score matching.

BACKGROUND: The pleiotropic effects of statins may reduce the severity of COVID-19 disease. This study aims to determine the association between inpatient statin use and severe disease outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, especially those with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study on hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. The primary outcome was mortality during hospitalization. Patients were classified into statin and non-statin groups based on the administration of statins during hospitalization. Analysis included multivariable regression analysis adjusting for confounders and propensity score matching to achieve a 1:1 balanced cohort. Subgroup analyses based on presence of DM were conducted. RESULTS: In the cohort of 922 patients, 413 had a history of DM. About 27.1% patients (n = 250) in the total cohort (TC) and 32.9% patients (n = 136) in DM cohort received inpatient statins. Atorvastatin (n = 205, 82%) was the most commonly prescribed statin medication in TC. On multivariable analysis in TC, inpatient statin group had reduced mortality compared to the non-statin group (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.42-0.90; p = 0.01). DM modified this association between inpatient statins and mortality. Patients with DM who received inpatient statins had reduced mortality (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.21-0.61; p < 0.001). However, no such association was noted among patients without DM (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.67-2.17; p = 0.52). These results were further validated using propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS: Inpatient statin use was associated with significant reduction in mortality among COVID-19 patients especially those with DM. These findings support the pursuit of randomized clinical trials and inpatient statin use appears safe among COVID-19 patients.

Association between antecedent statin use and severe disease outcomes in COVID-19: A retrospective study with propensity score matching.

BACKGROUND: Statins have been associated with a reduction in inflammatory markers and improved endothelial function. Whether statins offer any benefit in COVID-19 needs to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between antecedent statin use and severe disease outcomes among COVID-19 patients. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study on 1014 patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Outcomes were mortality, need for mechanical ventilation, and intensive care admission. Patients were classified into statin-users vs statin non-users based on antecedent use of statins. Multivariable regression analysis was performed adjusting for confounders such as age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, insurance, and comorbidities. Propensity score matching was performed to achieve a 1:1 balanced cohort. RESULTS: A total of 1014 patients (Median age 65 (IQR 53-73); 530 (52.3%) males; 753 (74.3%) African Americans; median BMI 29.4 (IQR 25.1-35.9); 615 (60.7%) with Medicare insurance) were included in the study. About 454 patients (44.77%) were using statins as home medication. Antecedent statin use was associated with significant decrease in mortality in the total cohort (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46 - 0.95; p = 0.03). Among the propensity score matched (PSM) cohort of 466 patients (233 statin users and 233 statin non-users), all the baseline characteristics had similar distribution among the two groups. Statin users had significant reduction in mortality in the PSM cohort as well (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.37 - 0.83; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Statin use was associated with significant reduction in mortality among COVID-19 patients. These findings support the pursuit of randomized clinical trials to explore the possible benefits of statins in COVID-19.

Metabolic syndrome and clinical outcomes in patients infected with COVID-19: Does age, sex, and race of the patient with metabolic syndrome matter?

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is highly prevalent worldwide, and its individual components obesity, diabetes, and hypertension have been identified as risk factors to develop severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, data on MetS and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 are scarce. This study aims to determine association between MetS and severe disease outcomes, that is, mortality, need for mechanical ventilation, and intensive care unit (ICU) requirement among patients with COVID-19. METHODS: This is a retrospective multihospital cohort study on 1871 patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Patient data including demographics, comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), smoking, laboratory data, and the clinical course of hospitalization were collected. Multivariable regression was performed adjusting for age, sex, race, insurance, smoking, and comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 1871 patients (median age 66 [interquartile range, IQR 54-75]; 965 (51.6%) males; 1494 (80%) African Americans; median BMI 29.4 kg/m2 [IQR 25-35.8]; 573 (30.6%) patients with MetS) were included. Patients with MetS had increased mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.40; 95% CI, 1.11-1.75; P = .004), higher ICU admission (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.36-2.08; P < .001), and increased need for mechanical ventilation (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.52-2.37; P < .001). Among individual comorbidities, diabetes had significant association with mortality (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.05-1.63; P = 0.02), ICU admission (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.27-1.93; P < .001), and need for mechanical ventilation (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.30-2.03; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: MetS is a better prognostic indicator for severe disease outcomes in patients with COVID-19 than its individual components. Patients with MetS had significantly higher mortality, increased ICU admissions, and need for mechanical ventilation.